Artificial Intelligence is a field of computer science that emphasizes the formation of intelligent machines that work and behave like humans.
Artificial Intelligence can be used in many fields like Computing, Speech recognition, Humanoid robot, Bioinformatics, Space, Computer software and Aeronautics etc.
AI Neural Networks can model mathematically the way biological brains work, allowing the machine to think and learn the same way humans do- making them effective or capable of recognizing things like speech, objects and animals like we do.
Perl language is not commonly used programming language for AI
Java, Python, Lisp, Prolog, and C++ are major AI programming languages used for AI able to gratify different needs in the development and designing of different softwares.
In AI, Prolog is a programming language based on logic.
It is a logic programming language which is used to create AI. In order to come up with a suspicion or end goal, an AI written in Prolog will inspect the relationship between a fact, a statement that is true, and a rule, which is a conditional statement.
Statistical AI is concerned with “inductive” concepts like given a set of patterns, induce the trend etc. on the other hand, classical A, is more concerned with “ deductive” thought given as a set of constraints, deduce a conclusion etc.
Natural key is utilized as the primary key, Which is one of the data elements that is stored within a construction.
An artificial key also called a surrogate is one that was designed specifically to be the unique identifier of a row.In artificial keys Identity columns are the most common form. They are unique, ever increasing and have absolutely nothing to do with the rest of the data in the row. If no obvious key either stands alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a number to each record or occurrence. This is known as an artificial key.
Compound Key: When there is no single data element that uniquely defines the occurrence within a construct, then integrating multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as Compound Key.
Alternate Key: Excluding primary keys all candidate keys are known as Alternate Keys.Alternate Key or Secondary Key is the key that has not been selected to be the primary key, but are candidate keys. However, it is considered a candidate key for the primary key. A candidate key not selected as a primary key is called alternate or secondary key
The production rule comprises a set of rules and a sequence of steps.A production system or production rule system is a computer program typically used to provide some form of AI, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior but it also includes the mechanism necessary to follow those rules as the system responds to states of the world.
The “depth first search” method takes less memory since only the nodes on the current path are stored, but in Breadth First Search, all of the tree that has been generated must be stored.
Heuristic approach is the best way to go for a game playing problem, as it will use the technique based on intelligent guesswork. For example, Chess between humans and computers as it will use Stability computation, looking at hundreds of thousands of positions.
A* algorithm is based on best first search method, as it gives an idea of optimization and quick choose of path, and all characteristics lie in A* algorithm.
Anything perceives its environment by sensors and acts upon an environment by effectors are known as Agents. Agents include Robots, Programs, and Humans etc.Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and capability. Model-based reflex agent. Goal-based agents. Utility-based agent.
In partial order planning , rather than searching over possible situations it involves searching over the space of possible plans. The idea is to construct a plan piece by piece.It is an approach to automated planning that maintains a partial ordering between actions and only commits ordering between actions when forced to, i.e., ordering of actions is partial. Also this planning doesn't specify which action will come out first when two actions are processed.
In artificial intelligence, a neural network is a limit of a biological neural system, which receives the data, processes the data and gives the output based on the algorithm and empirical data.
A heuristic function ranks alternatives, in search algorithms, at each branching step based on the available information to decide which branch to follow.
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In a planning system, the function of the third component is to detect when a solution to a problem has been found.
Generality is the measure of ease with which the method can be adapted to different domains of application.One kind of generality in AI comprises methods for finding solutions that are independent of the problem domain. Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and their col- leagues and students pioneered this approach and con- tinue to pursue it.
In top down parser takes input from Left to right constructing leftmost derivation of the sentence.This set of Compilers Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Top-Down Parsing
These are the two strategies which are absolutely similar. In best first search, we expand the nodes in accordance with the evaluation function. While, in breadth first search a node is expanded in accordance to the cost function of the parent node.
Frames are a variant of semantic networks which is one of the popular ways of presenting non-procedural knowledge in an expert system. A frame which is an artificial data structure is used to divide knowledge into substructure by representing “stereotyped situations’. Scripts are similar to frames, except the values that fill the slots must be ordered. Scripts are used in natural language understanding systems to organize a knowledge base in terms of the situation that the system should understand.
FOPL is First Order Predicate Logic, Predicate Logic provides and its roles are
a) A language to express assertions about certain “World”
b) A semantic based on set theory
c) An inference system to deductive apparatus whereby we may draw conclusions from such assertion
a) The logical connective
b) A set of variables
c) A set of predicate symbols
d) A set of function symbols
e) A set of constant symbols
f) The Universal Quantifier and Existential Quantifier
g) A special binary relation of equality
In online search, it will first take action and then observe the environment.This set of AI MCQs & Answers focuses on “Online Search Agent”.
SMA* and RBFE will solve any kind of problem that A* can’t by using a limited amount of memory.
On creating the Bayesian Network, the consequence between a node and its predecessors is that a node can be conditionally independent of its predecessors.
To build a Bayes model in AI, three terms are required; they are one conditional probability and two unconditional probability.
In AI to answer the probabilistic queries conditioned on one piece of evidence, Bayes rule can be used.
Inductive logic programming combines inductive methods with the power of first order representations.
The objective of an Inductive Logic Programming is to come up with a set of sentences for the hypothesis such that the entailment constraint is satisfied. Because it is a complete algorithm for learning first-order theories.
There are three literals available in top-down inductive learning methods they are
Inverse Resolution’ inverts a complete resolution, as it is a complete algorithm for learning first order theories.
Acoustic signal is used to identify a sequence of words, in speech recognition.
Biagram model gives the probability of each word following each other word in speech recognition.
To solve temporal probabilistic reasoning, HMM (Hidden Markov Model) is used, independent of transition and sensor model.
Hidden Markov Models are a ubiquitous tool for modelling time series data or to model sequence behaviour. They are used in almost all current speech recognition systems.
The state of the process in HMM’s model is described by a ‘Single Discrete Random Variable.
‘Possible States of the World’ is the possible values of the variable in HMM’s.
In AI, to extract the meaning from the group of sentences semantic analysis is used.
In ‘Unification and Lifting’ the algorithm that takes two sentences and returns a unifier is the ‘Unify’ algorithm.
Unification’ process makes different logical expressions identical. Lifted inferences require finding substitutes which can make a different expression look identical. This process is called unification.
State space search is the most straightforward approach for planning algorithm because it takes account of everything for finding a solution
The process of determining the meaning of P*Q from P,Q and* is called Compositional Semantics.
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